Kumodeli eqhelekileyo weentsungu zefiziksi nethiyori ye-relativity ekhethekileyo ka-Albert Einstein, isantya sokukhanya kwi-vacuum (c) sisiphelo esikhulu kuzo zonke izinto ezaziwayo namandla. Kodwa-ke, uhlaka lwezibalo lwe-relativity aluvimbeli ngokuphandle ukubakho kweentsungu ezikhawuleza ngalo lonke ixesha kunesibane. Ezi ntsungu zicingwayo zaziwa ngokuthi zi-tachyons.
1. Imvelaphi Yembali Yama-Tachyons
Ingcamango yeentsungu ezikhawuleza kunesibane yaqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka ye-1900. Ngo-1917, usozifiziksi uRichard Tolman wafumanisa ukuba ukuhamba kwe-FTL kuhlaka lwe-relativity ekhethekileyo kwakuya kudala ukwaphulwa kokulanding kwezinto, okwaboniswa nge-paradox ye-"tachyonic antitelephone."
Usozifiziksi uGerald Feinberg wadala igama kwaye waphuhlisa ithiyori ye-tachyon kwiphepha lakhe lango-1967 elashicilelwa kwi-Physical Review. Igama livela kwiGrike tachys ethetha "okukhawulezayo." UFeinberg wahlula zonke izinto zaba amaqela amathathu:
- Ama-Bradyons: Iintsungu ezinobunzima bokwenyani ezihlala zingaphantsi kwe-c (njengamaproton, ama-electron).
- Ama-Luxons: Iintsungu ezingenabunzima ezihamba nge-c kanye (njengamafotha).
- Ama-Tachyons: Iintsungu ezicingwayo ezinobunzima obucingwayo ezihlala zingaphezulu kwe-c.
2. Ubunzima Obucingwayo
Ukuze siqonde ama-tachyons, kufuneka sijonge umlinganiselo wamandla-momentum we-relativistic:
Ukuba isantya (v) singaphezulu kwe-c, ubunzima bentsungu (m₀) bufanele bube yinombolo ecingwayo ukuze amandla (E) ahlale enyaniso. Oku kudala imeko emangalisayo: xa i-tachyon ilahlekelwa ngamandla, isantya sayo siyanda. Xa amandla ayo efikelela ku-zero, isantya sayo asipheli.
3. Ama-Tachyons kwiThiyori ye-Quantum Field neThiyori Yentambo
Kwifiziksi yanamhlanje, i-tachyon ibonisa imeko engaqinanga koluhlelo, hayi intsungu yokwenyani ehamba ngokukhawuleza kunesibane. Intsimi enobunzima obucingwayo (intsimi ye-tachyonic) ihleli kwisiphelo esingaphezulu samandla ayo. Ukungaqini oku kulungiswa nge-Tachyon Condensation, apho intsimi "igingqa" iye kwimeko eqinileyo.
Umzekelo odumileyo kakhulu yi-ntsimi ye-Higgs. Phambi kokwaphulwa kwe-symmetry ye-electroweak, intsimi ye-Higgs yayiyi-tachyonic. Xa intsimi igingqa, yaphula i-symmetry yanika iintsungu ezisiseko ubunzima.
4. Uvavanyo ne-Anomaly ye-OPERA
Iminyaka engaphezulu kweshumi, osozifiziksi bebefuna ama-tachyons besebenzisa ama-detector e-cosmic ray nama-particle accelerator. Akukho bungqina obufunyenweyo.
Udaba oludume kakhulu yi-anomaly ye-neutrino ye-OPERA yango-2011. Iqela le-OPERA laxela ukuba ama-muon neutrino athunyelwe kwi-CERN afika phambi kokukhanya nge-nanosecond ezingama-60. Kodwa uphando olwalandelayo lwafumanisa ukuba impazamo yayivela kwi-fiber optic cable ekhululekileyo. Emva kokulungiswa, isantya se-neutrino saqinisekiswa ukuba siyangqinelana nesantya sokukhanya.
Isiphelo
Ama-tachyons asaqhubeka esisixhobo sethiyori esihle nesibalulekileyo. Nangona iintsungu ezikhawuleza kunesibane zingaze zibonwe, izibalo zobunzima obucingwayo ne-tachyon condensation zibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu kwangoku ngethiyori ye-quantum field nemvelaphi yobunzima kwihlabathi.